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Europe is facing an increasing risk of water scarcity and droughts, especially in the Mediterranean regions. These risks are usually addressed by drought management plans and water conservation plans or by combined plans that incorporate drought management and water conservation together

The EU Commission defined agroforestry as land use systems in which trees are grown in combination with agriculture on the same land. In agroforestry, woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same parcel or land management unit, without the intention to establish a remaining forest stand

Groynes, breakwaters, and artificial reefs are grey adaptation measures commonly implemented to counteract erosion and wave action in coastal areas (or in some case in rivers).   A groyne is a shore protection structure built perpendicular to the shoreline of the coast (or river), over the beach and into the shoreface (the area between the nearshore region and the inner continental shelf), to reduce longshore drift and trap sediments

Riparian buffer strips are linear bands of permanent natural or semi-natural vegetation adjacent to streams and rivers. A general, multi-purpose, riparian buffer design consists of a strip of grass, shrubs, and trees between the normal bank-full water level and more intensively used land, such as cropland, roads, built-up areas

Storm surge gates and flood barriers are fixed installations that allow water to pass in normal conditions and have gates or bulkheads that can be closed against storm surges or high tide to prevent flooding. They can close the sea mouth of a river, the sea mouth of a waterway or a tidal inlet

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Coastal cliffs can be differentiated according to their morphology and structure: cliffs can be loose – sand, silt, clay, marl and chalk – or hard, made of limestone, sandstone, granite and other rocks. Loose cliffs are more prone to erosion and landslide than rocky cliffs, which  are more characterised by rock or block fall

Coastal wetlands (tidal marshes, or salt-marshes ) are saltwater and brackish water wetlands located in coastal areas . Coastal wetlands also include areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres ( Ramsar Convention )

Access to an adequate supply of water is central to a sustainable future, especially considering climate change is expected to exacerbate water scarcity problems in several European regions. The reuse of water is considered as an adaptation measure as it reduces the pressure on water resources and increases water security and resilience

A seawall is a structure made of concrete, masonry or sheet piles. It is built parallel to the shore at the transition between the beach and the mainland or dune, to protect the inland area against wave action and prevent coastal erosion