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Information on national adaptation actions reported under the Governance Regulation

Reporting updated until: 2023-03-15

Item Status Links
National Adaptation Strategy (NAS)
  • actual adaptation policy (adopted)
National Adaptation Plan (NAP)
  • previous adaptation policy (superseded)
Regional Adaptation Plan (RAP)
  • actual adaptation policy (adopted)
  • completed and submitted for adoption
  • actual adaptation policy (adopted)
  • actual adaptation policy (adopted)
  • actual adaptation policy (adopted)
Meteorological observations
  • Established
Climate projections and services
Adaptation portals and platforms
Monitoring, reporting and evaluation (MRE) indicators and methodologies
Key reports and publications
National communication to the UNFCCC
Governance regulation adaptation reporting
Belgium has three main geographical regions: Low-Belgium (up to 100 m above sealevel), Middle-Belgium (100 till 200 m above sealevel) and High-Belgium (200 till more then 500m above sealevel). The area of Low-Belgium starts in the Western area with the coastline (66 km long), beaches and sand dunes and the polders. Polders are areas of fertile land, close to or below sea level that have been reclaimed from the sea, from which they are protected by dikes or, further inland, by fields that have been drained with canals.

The Flemish lowland is situated between the polders and the rivers Leie and Scheldt. This is an area composed by sandy soils with some small hills. More to the East the area "de Kempen" is situated, a sandy area with mainly coniferous forests, meadows and mais fields.

The second geographical region, Middle-Belgium or the central plateau, lies further inland. This is a smooth, slowly rising area towards the rivers Samber and Maas, that has many fertile valleys and is irrigated by many waterways. Here one can also find rougher land, including caves and small gorges.

The third geographical region, High-Belgium, is less populated and contains most forests. The first part (Southern of the rivers Samber and Maas) is the Condroz-plateau, a fertile and turistical area. South of the Condroz, the region of Fagne and Famenne is situated, an area that is nog very suitable for agriculture. More to the South are the Ardennes, a densily forested area, very rocky with deep vally' s, that extends towards the Eifel in France and Germany.
Belgium is a very densly populated country with more than 11,5 million inhabitants for 30.528 km². The Northern part (Flanders) is more highly populated then the Southern part (Walloon Region). The Belgian population has grown by 62,770 persons, or 0.54 % between 2021 and 2022. This figures concerns the legal population on 1 January 2022. The largest part of the growth rate (90% is due to the positive migration balance: more immigrations than emigrations).
19% of the Belgian population is 65 years old or older. Belgium has an aging population.

The population growth in the largest cities is rather pronounced with 1,86% in Brussels, 0,65% in Gent, 0,63% in Antwerpen and 0,24% in Charleroi. The population in the city of Luik remained stable. On 01/01/2021 the city of Antwerp counted 530.824 inhabitants, Gent 263.866 inhabitants, Charleroi 202.587 inhabitants and Liège 197.538 inhabitants. The city of Brussels has 185.316 inhabitants.

In total the Brussels Capital Region counts 1.214.550 inhabitants, the Flemish Region 6.647.506 inhabitants and the Walloon Region 3.645.107 inhabitants.

The average population density in the Flemish Region was 487 inhabitants per km² in 2020. The population density is highest in and around the 'Flemish diamond', which is the central area between Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Brussels. Population density is also high in a number of coastal municipalities (Ostend, Bredene, Blankenberge and Bruges), in the south of West Flanders (Kortrijk and Roeselare) and in some central municipalities of the province of Limburg (Hasselt and Genk).
In Belgium, accounting for urban effects is particularly important given that the share of people living in cities and towns amounts to 87% (situation of 2015, putting the country among the top urbanized regions in Europe.) Considering mortality data for Belgium presented in Bustos Sierra et al. (2019a) by region, it emerges that Brussels has a higher excess mortality (when expressed as a percentage, not in absolute numbers) than the Flemish and Walloon Region. Also here, this has been attributed to the excess temperature increment occurring in Brussels, caused by the urban heat island phenomenon.

With regards to industry, Belgium had a strong presence of the metal (southern part of Belgium) and chemical/refinery industries (northern Belgium) in the country. The sector of services is the most important economic sector in Belgium with a share of almost 70% of the GDP.

According to Statistics Belgium (2018) agricultural lands account for 44% (or 1,353,770 ha) of the land surface of Belgium. In 2018, the total amount of agricultural land consisted of 63% arable land, 35% permanent pastures and grassland and 2% permanent crops. Belgian agriculture is specialised in cereals, industrial crops, forage plants, vegetables and horticultural crops, potatoes, livestock and milk production. Although agricultural land occupies the greater part of the territory (44%), the number of farms has continued to decrease in recent years, while the average farm size has increased. The share of agriculture in the Belgian economy continues its decline and is now less than 1% of GDP (De Ridder et al. 2020).

Belgium has a very dense network of infrastructure (roads, railways, waterways, ports and airports) and acts as an important transport hub in Western Europe (De Ridder et al. 2020).
 Source: De Ridder et al. (2020), "Evaluation of the socio-economic impact of climate change in Belgium", Vito

Based on 2018 data from the Digital Flanders Agency, it is estimated that 15.4% of the total area of the Flemish Region is covered or paved. That cover consists mainly of buildings, roads and parking lots. In 2012, paving was estimated at 14.3%, in 2015 at 14.9%.

In 2021, 39 Flemish municipalities had a building density of 50% or more. The building density is the proportion of the total surface area that is built.The building density is highest in the Brussels-Capital Region. In 2021, 80.3% of the surface area of this region was built-up. With 15.5%, the Walloon Region had the lowest building density.

In all regions, the share of built-up area increased between 1990 and 2020. This increase was most pronounced in the Flemish Region.
New climatic projections are being built for the Belgian territory in the framework of the Belgian CORDEX.be II project (Combining regional downscaling expertise in Belgium: CORDEX and Beyond) which aims to combine regional downscaling expertise in Belgium. This project builds further on the previous Cordex.be climate scenario (2015-2017), funded by BELSPO (Belgian Science policy) in which the different Belgian climate modelling groups were brought together. CORDEX.be II will use of the most recent IPCC scenarios (2022). The project performed impact studies on the impact of climate change on agriculture, urban heat stress, storm surges and wave heights as well as biogenic emissions. Projections towards 2100 are made in Flanders by the Flemish Environmental Agency and visualized at municipal level on the portal site https://vmm.klimaat.be . The impacts of climate change that can be consulted on the portal site are drought, heat, flooding and extreme precipitation. The portal site has been updated in March 2021 and will be actualised again in 2023.

Other sources:
- Royal Institute of Meteorology https://www.meteo.be/[…]/klimaatprojecties
- Urban Climate Service Centre VITO https://www.urban-climate.eu/
- The Flanders Marine Institute VLIZ is providing scientific information (including on climate changes and climate change adaptation) on the sea, the coast and tidal systems. https://www.vliz.be/en/
The RMI uses an adapted version of the ALARO model that is validated according to the international standards for climate simulations.

In 2020 the RMI published a new climate report "Climate report 2020: from climate information to climate services" (available in French and Dutch): https://www.meteo.be/[…]/klimaatrapporten and https://climat.be/doc/kmi-irm-rapport-2020-complet-fr.pdf

Flanders Environment Agency (VMM) developed in 2018 the Climate Portal (https://www.vmm.be/klimaatportaal) showing the impacts under current and future climate for main effects in the region such as heatstress, droughts and groundwater level, floods and sea level rise. A variety of maps and indicators at the level of municipalities, neighbourhoods and catchments, allow for local consultation of detailed modelresults on climate vulnerabilty based upon downscaled IPCC climate-scenario’s.

The Climate Portal was extended in 2022 with a new PLANtool and a new PROJECTtool, allowing users to explore the adaptation options. For planning purpose, seven adaptation scenario’s provide local insight in risk-reduction and costs of adaptation measures. Users can easily select in and between these scenario’s for certain climate-effects, indicators, aggregated and point locations throughout the entire Flemish region.

When designing projects such as redevelopments of streets, squares, industrial plots, … it is now possible in the Climate Portal the optimise the climate-resilience of these projects, via a third interactive map-based tool in which users can add adaptation measures including their dimensions, finally resulting in an adaptation-score of the project.
Belgium experiences more frequent and longer periodes of exteme weather events like drought, extreme heat and heatwaves, heavy rainfall causing floods.

Climate change causes a general temperature rise and sea level rise

These extreme weather events form a high risk for biodiversity, agriculture, watermanagement, (drink)water supply, physical and mental health (particularly in urban areas), transport and infrastructure, economy, spatial planning, tourism and recreation and energy.
Hazard type Acute/Chronic Observed climate hazards
WaterAcuteDrought
Flood
Heavy precipitation
ChronicChanging precipitation patterns and types
Ocean acidification
Precipitation hydrological variability
Saline intrusion
Sea level rise
Water scarcity
Solid massAcuteLandslide
ChronicCoastal_erosion
Soil erosion
Sol degradation
Solifluction
TemperatureAcuteCold wave frost
Heat wave
Wildfire
ChronicChanging temperature
Temperature variability
WindAcuteStorm
Chronic
Hazard type Acute/Chronic Future climate hazards Qualitative trend
WaterAcuteDroughtsignificantly increasing
Floodsignificantly increasing
Heavy precipitationsignificantly increasing
Snow and ice loadsignificantly decreasing
ChronicChanging precipitation patterns and typessignificantly increasing
Ocean acidificationsignificantly increasing
Precipitation hydrological variabilitysignificantly increasing
Saline intrusionsignificantly increasing
Sea level risesignificantly increasing
Water scarcitysignificantly increasing
Solid massAcuteLandslide Futuresignificantly increasing
Subsidence Futureevolution uncertain or unknown
ChronicCoastal erosionsignificantly increasing
Soil erosionsignificantly increasing
Sol degradationsignificantly increasing
Solifluctionsignificantly increasing
TemperatureAcuteCold wave frostevolution uncertain or unknown
Heat wavesignificantly increasing
Wildfiresignificantly increasing
ChronicChanging temperaturesignificantly increasing
Temperature variabilitysignificantly increasing
WindAcuteCycloneevolution uncertain or unknown
Stormsignificantly increasing
Tornadoevolution uncertain or unknown
ChronicChanging wind patternsevolution uncertain or unknown
Drought and water scarcity:

Low availability of water in summer causes problems for waterintensive industries in Belgium using groundwater and surface water in their production processes. Low water level in rivers causes problems for shipping and the supply of raw materials and resources for industry and infrastructure. Agricultural production is extreme vulnerable for water scarcity and drought. And water scarcity and drought put a lot of pressure on nature, forests and biodiversity and lead to more and more severe nature and forest fires. Extreme drought also affects buildings and houses, mainly on clay soils.

Fluvial and pluvial flooding:

Floodings, especially pluvial floodings, are more frequent and more extreme due to the impact of climate change causing a lot of dammage to infrastructure, buildings and houses. Extreme precipitation is causing a lot of erosion in agricultural areas in Belgium. Floodings are a threat for nature and biodiversity. Floodings affect transport and are a threat for critical infrastructure. Due to flooding Belgium experienced environmental pollution and problems with drinkwater supply.

The terrible floods that hit Wallonia in July 2021 caused heavy loss of life and considerable damage. The damage inflicted on the territory was unprecedented. Among the countless victims, several lost their lives. The estimated cost of repairs is nearly €5.2 billion.

Heat and heatwaves (especially in cities):

During summer Belgium experiences heat and more frequent and extreme heatwaves, especially in cities causing sickness and mortality mainly at the vulnerable population. Heat causes dammage to nature, agriculture, infrastructure and the economy with revenue loss as a consequence. Compagnies experience a decrease of labour productivity and abscence due to heat and heatwaves.

Sea level rise:

Sea level rise in Belgium is leading to coastal erosion, floodings and salinisation. The Flemish region is, after the Netherlands, the most extremally vulnerable region to floodings from sea in Europe. Salinisation puts pressure on nature and biodiversity, agricultural production and drinking water availability.

Socially vulnerable groups in the Belgian society experience the heaviest impact of the effects of climate change.
Forest and nature fires are the effects of increasing drought and water scarcity in Belgium.

Invasive species and tropical diseases occuring in Belgium due to temperature rise.

Insurance issues and insufficient hazard funds.

Soil erosion and degradation due to extreme precipitation events and flooding.

Agricultural stress due to harvest failures, reduced crop yields,..

Anxiety and mental health problems due to risque of extreme events.

Increase of the inequality regarding public health and social welfare.

Increase of bankrupcy.

Enormous dumps after hazards.

Cascading effects.

Loss of historical patrimony (buildings, infrastructure, landscapes)

Key affected sectors

Key affected sector(s)health
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudehigh
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent key hazards
AssessmentExtreme weather events (drought/water scarcity, heatwaves, torrential rains/floods,..) have the highest impact on vulnerable people in Belgium (elderly, children, women, the sick,..) both mentally and physically. Indirectly these events can further affect the socio-economic situation of these groups to a higher extent (job losses,..). This has been observed notably during the 2021 summer floods in Wallonia and during the heatwaves in Belgium of 2019-2020. In Flanders, the so-called fragile institutions, (e.g. hospitals) that might be at risk of flooding (both fluvial and pluvial) have been mapped. (Source: Vlaams Klimaatadaptatieplan 2030, p12).
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacitymedium
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent geographical regions within the country; different key hazards
AssessmentDepending on landscape, soil, buidling rate,... the key affecting hazards can vary. The Walloon region has been highly affected by floods in the summer of 2020 due to the extreme rainfall in combination with the landscape characteristics in this region. Altough there was a bit less rainfall in Flanders, damage occured in the basins of Meuse, Dijle and Demer. The Flemish region is highly exposed to drought, with impacts on drinking water supplies, and water availability for agricultural and industrial activities. The Brussels region and big cities in Belgium are most affected by heatwaves due to the heat-island effect with sicness, reduced labour productivity and mortality as the main health consequences. The part of the population with the lowest socio-economic background are among the most affected by this hazard (due to their living environment; further away from parks, living in appartments with less insulation, social isolation,..).
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country
AssessmentAll risks are considered to be high, but key hazards can vary according to the geographical regions, landscape charasterics, soil and building rate and socio-economic background of the respective population as described above.
Key affected sector(s)transport
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudemedium
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent geographical regions within the country
AssessmentDepending on the region the different hazards may affect the different transport subsectors (aviation, train trafic, shipping/water course navigability,..) to a varying extent. Heatwaves, droughts and floods seem to affect all regions. In Flanders, higher water levels along the coast also translate to higher flood probabilities along the Scheldt (KU Leuven, https://bwk.kuleuven.be/hydr/CCI/cci-hydr-fl) , and water scarcity can cause drought problems for shipping (Vlaams Klimaatadaptatieplan 2030, p15)
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacitymedium
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent geographical regions within the country
AssessmentAll regions have been implementing plans to increase resillience to key hazards (drought, heatwaves, floods,...). Preventive measures are being taken to prevent incidents in the transport sector (Clearing trees along train tracks, raising railway bedding, including extreme weather in aviation performance specifications, insulation and cooling of trains,...). The first chapter of the Flemish adaptation plan, focuses on measures like green-blue infrastructure and climate-resilient designing, which are also applied to infrastructure ( highways, cycle tracks,...).
Rating for the risk of potential future impactsmedium
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country
AssessmentClimate adaptive design and construction of infrastructure is key in reducing the impact of climate change in the future. We know that we will have more extreme weather events and it is essential that infrastructure can cope with this events.
Key affected sector(s)biodiversity (including ecosystembased approaches)
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudehigh
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent key hazards
AssessmentBelgium’s National Climate Commission appraises the climate-related costs for maintaining biodiversity among the highest of different sectors (NCC, 2017). Projected regional climatic change will put pressure on local species, and considerably impede survival of endangered species. Progress that has been booked in the protection of these species may recede due to new challenges posed by climate change (Grootaert, 2014). This means that biodiversity conservation, including the management of specific Natura-2000 sites irrespective of their status (which constitutes 15.9% of Belgium’s territory; Grootaert, 2014), will also become more demanding (EEA, 2017). Biodiversity is affected by floods, drought, sea level rise, temperature rise and heat and by secundary effects like salinisation, nature fires, migration of species,...
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacityhigh
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent geographical regions within the country; different key hazards
AssessmentThe vulnerability depends on the type of ecosystem, the species, soil and landscape charasteristics, type of key hazard. In the Walloon region biodiversity could be more resilient due to larger areas of nature and forests. In the Flemish region biodiversity is already highly affected by dense building and paved surfaces.
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country
AssessmentDepending on the climate scenario, the different geographical regions and the different key hazards, it is expected that biodiversity in Belgium can be highly affected by the impact of climate change. It is to be expected that drought, temperature rise, heat and sea level rise (salinisation) will have the biggests effect on biodiversity. But also the type of ecosystem, landschap characteristics, soil, area of nature and forests play an important role. Restoration and climate adaptive management of nature and forests are key to increase the resilience of nature and biodiversity.
Key affected sector(s)energy
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudehigh
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent key hazards
AssessmentRegarding the high potential risks for the energy sector, the Federal gouvernment will execute a study on the risks of climate change for the energy supply security. The current observable impacts supports our actual assessment.
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacityhigh
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent key hazards
AssessmentDepending on the type of energy infrastructure (nuclear energy vs renewable sources) the degree of vulnerablity differs. For example, nuclear plants are highly depending on water for cooling and therefore more vulnerable to droughts and heatwaves. In addition, solar panels lose efficiency as they reach temperatures above 25°C.
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios
AssessmentExposure to the varying hazards is expected to increase according to the scenario's included in the IPCC 6 assessment. Wether it will result in higher vulnerability of the energy infrastructure and supply will depend on the implemented adaptation measures.
Key affected sector(s)agriculture and food
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudehigh
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent key hazards
AssessmentAgriculture is extremely vulnerable for the effects of climate change. Floods causing soil erosion and yield losses. Drought and water scarcity causing decreased production and yield losses. Sea level rise causing salinisation of water and agriculture soils. Heat affecting plants and animals leading to diseases and mortality. In Flanders the effects of climate change on agriculture are continuously assessed by the Institute for agricultural research (ILVO), Centre of Expertise on Agriculture and Climate https://elk.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/nl/.
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacityhigh
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent key hazards
AssessmentThe rating of vulnerability will differ for the different key hazards in combination with different geographical regions with different charasteristics (slope, soil type, landuse). But also the type of agricultural production (species, cultivation methods,...) will play an important role in the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of agriculture. Agricultural production differs in the geographical regions based on soil, geography, water availability and historical components. In the Southwestern part of Flanders f.e. there is a lot of vegetable cultivation combined with fozen food industry, highly demanding on water. This type of agricultural production has been highly affected by droughts in the past years. Agriculture in is highly affected by the impact of climate change but also has a relative high adaptive capacity by using other species, adaptive cultivation methods, creating greenblue infrastructure in agricultural areas,...
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios
AssessmentAccording to the climate change scenario agriculture will be more or less highly impacted by the effects of climate change.
Key affected sector(s)forestry
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudehigh
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazardsdifferent geographical regions within the country
AssessmentDrought negatively affects forest growth rate. In addition, drought along with milder winters and heat waves make trees susceptible to infestation by bark beetles (Ips typographus). Drought also leads to an increased risk of forest fire. The "Fire Weather Index" (FWI), which is used to estimate this risk, currently (1981-2010) shows a value of about 10-15 for Belgium
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacitymedium
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent geographical regions within the country
AssessmentMany of Flanders' forests and natural areas have become fragmented in recent decades making them less climate-robust and future-proof. The spatial policy for nature in Flanders is strongly focused on achieving the Natura 2000 objectives within the designated Natura 2000 network; this is composed of 38 Special special protection areas, which together occupy 166 187 ha, 12.3% of Flanders. However, Flanders' Natura 2000 sites often do not form contiguous landscape entities. Many are subdivided into a few to dozens of subareas that are in turn scattered in a landscape matrix that is dominated by habitat-unsuitable sites, unsuitable by e.g. urbanization and infrastructure networks, intensive and large-scale agricultural use. In the current fragmented context, spontaneous migration and establishment between sub-areas of the Habitats Directive areas for many target species and habitat-typical plant species has been ruled out (see, e.g., Mergeay 2013; Vanden Broeck et al.) 2015 The Flemish Government adopted in 2020 the forest expansion plan "More forest in Flanders!" which aims to provide 4,000ha of additional forest by 2024 and prepare for the realization of 10,000ha of additional forest by 2030
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios; different key hazards
AssessmentForests can play an important rol in terms of climate adaptation. On the other hand, climate change has a major impact on the health of our forests. Depending on how they will be managed, different potential future scenario's exist.
Key affected sector(s)finance and insurance
Rating of the observed impacts of key hazards, including changes in frequency and magnitudenot applicable
Different rating of the observed impacts of key hazards
AssessmentFloods, storms, hail and drought are the main climate-related threats to the insurance sector in Belgium. Climate change raises concerns about the affordability of insurance in the future. In July 2021, Belgium suffered severe flooding, mainly in the Liège and Verviers region. The damages that must be paid in such situations have an impact on insurers' operating profits. For AXA Belgium, this meant a 37% drop in profits. (https://www.axapartners.be/nl/newsroom/future-risk-rapport-de-impact-van-klimaatverandering-op-verzekeringen.) It is important for both insurers and customers that taking out insurance remains affordable.
Rating of the key hazards' likelihood of occurrence and exposure to them under future climatehigh
Different rating of the likelihood of the occurrence of key hazards and exposure to them under future climatedifferent climate change scenarios
Rating of the vulnerability, including adaptive capacitymedium
Different rating of the vulnerability and/or adaptive capacitydifferent key hazards
AssessmentClimate adaptation in this sector will mainly involve scrutinizing the efforts on climate adaptation and sustainability efforts a company is doing. This may be a condition for deciding whether the insurer will issue a policy for a company.
Rating for the risk of potential future impactshigh
Different rating of the risk of potential future impactsdifferent climate change scenarios
AssessmentWether the insurance sector will remain affordable highly depends on the effects caused under different climate scenarios and the adaptive capacity of the different sectors.

Overview of institutional arrangements and governance at the national level

Cordex.be I shows a high resolution climate scenario for Belgium and was develloped in respons to measure 1 of the National Adaptation Plan (2017-2020). Heatwaves, floods and drought will be / are the main climate hazards in Belgium. In the study of the socio-economic impact of climate change, these factors were taken into account to examine the economical costs that go along with the physical impacts of climate change in various sectors in case of inaction. ( Biodiversity, emergency planning, agriculture, energy, fisheries, forestery, health, industry & services, transport & infrastructure.). Following the publication of IPCC 6, an updated high resolution climate scenario for belgium (Cordex.be II) will be developped.

A new Flemish adaptation plan has been published after the summer of 2022. In addition, a new Federal adaptation plan is being established by March 2023.
The previous National Adaptation Plan was approved in 2017 with specific adaptation actions to be taken at the national level to improve cooperation and develop synergies between different entities (federal and regional). In March 2019, the mid-term evaluation of this plan was published for the period 2017-2018. The final evaluation of this plan was finalised at the end of 2020 and adopted by the National Commission on Climate Change in March 2021. A new National Adaptation Plan and strategy will be developped by the end of 2023.
Cooperation with the working group on the National Environment and Health Action Plan (NEHAP) for the development of the new National Adaptation Plan (2023)

Restoration of the North Sea seabeds (Marine spatial planning 2020 - 2026)

Beware & note: faster notification of new harmful species that threaten our agriculture, forestry, ornamental crops and environment; Evaluate the functioning and efficiency of the online notification tool of specific quarantine organisms after which the results will be used to improve and expand the tool with additional (new) or emerging organisms. Efforts will also be made to improve the visibility and awareness of the online tool.
Federal measures
18 Multidisciplinary and holistic risk assessments
19 Analysis of CC impacts on essential services for society (energy and transport)
20 Assessing the impact of CC on energy security and energy infrastructures
21 Emergency planning based on identified risks due to CC

Natural disasters
22 risk zones - criteria
23 cooperation between the State, regions, insurers and reinsurers
24 Take into account the expected effects of CC in the activities of Defense at the national level regarding crisis management in natural disasters
25 Long-term analysis of the need for additional capabilities to prepare for crisis management in natural disasters

+ Paragon program in development (early warning system)
Public availability of climate (adaptation) relevant information (studies, news,..) on klimaat.be & Adapt2climate.be.

https://www.adapt2climate.be
https://klimaat.vmm.be
https://klimaat.vmm.be/tools/impact
At the national level the adaptation priorities are: research, transversal issues, biodiversity, energy, health, international cooperation and crisis management, transport, economy (circular) and environment.

At the regional level the priorities are environment and spatial planning, water management, restoration of and climate adaptive nature and forest management, health, climate adaptive infrastructure and buildings, transport, research, climate adaptive agriculture, climate adaptive economy, awareness rising and crisismanagement.

On the federal level the priorities are Research, Ecosystems and biodiversity, Infrastructure, Natural resources, Public health, Risk and crisis management, International cooperation, Awareness raising.
Lack of knowledge for every sector individually (and how they interact).

Lack of sense of urgency in some sectors.

Lack of sense of urgency in some municipalities.

Lack of indicators for an efficient monitoring system.

Lack in legislation for an efficient and effective implementation of climate adaptive measures.

Opportunities for a social just adaptation.
On the federal level 28 adaptation measures are identified within 8 domains. Each measure will follow its own budgetary process, however all measures are planned to be at least initiated within the period of 2023-2026 and may remain active after the duration of this federal initiative.

In the Brussels Region the water management plan 2022-2027 which is pending for adoption, in application of the Flood Directive, has a chapter dedicated to climate adaptation with, in particular, the ambition to increase the efforts in the fight against drought. A new Air Climate Energy Plan with a chapter "adaptation" will be adopted in May 2023. This chapter includes the following measures:
- developing nature-based solutions;
- increasing the climate change resilience of natural resources (soil, water, nature, forest);
- increasing the climate change resilience of infrastructures that provides essential services to the Region ;
- protecting the population against climate hazards and related risks, particularly in terms of health.
- developing indicators for monitoring the adaptation policy

In the Flemish Region a new Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan has been adopted in October 2022. This plan focusses on 2030 with a vision towards a climate resilient Flanders in 2050 with nature based solutions and technological innovation as most important allies.

The Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan is based on 6 strategies, each of them containing action points with concrete measures facilitating the implementation of the plan.
1. Flanders builds and connects greenblue infrastructure, always and everywhere
2. Water availability and water use
3. Space for water in function of water safety and drought prevention
4. Restoration and climate smart management of nature and forests and climate adaptive agriculture
5. Climate adaptive health policy
6. Collaboration and coordination (with focus on communication, monitoring and crisismanagement)

The Flemish Blue Deal https://bluedeal.integraalwaterbeleid.be/ and the advise of the expertpanel "Weerbaar Waterland" https: //www.vmm.be/nieuws/archief/advies-weerbaar-waterland.pdf/view are embedded in the plan.

Budget: 50 mio Euro in 2023, 100 mio Euro in 2024

Wallonia has undertaken the updating of its Flood Risk Management Plans: the PGRI 2022-2027. This was undertaken under the impetus of the Flood Directive, to manage floods and above all to limit their negative consequences. In concrete terms: the PGRI is a set of targeted of targeted, coherent and prioritised.
- The first cycle of the PGRI undertook the implementation, between 2016 and 2021, of 42 Global Measures, defined by the GTI, a cross-cutting group working on issues due to floodings, and 491 projects with a more local scope. The 2nd cycle of the IRMPs, which will run from 2022 to 2027, is a continuation of the 1st cycle. It retains the overall objectives objectives from the PLUIES Plan, the first Walloon Plan for Flooding management, as well as the projects that have not yet been completed.
- The 2nd cycle includes new objectives specific to each sub-basin 41 Global Measures (new or extended) as well as 929 measures (new or extended) and 929 projects, most of which are new projects.

Wallonia has released a budget of €7 billion to finance more than 300 projects which should enable the Region to respond to current social, economic and environmental challenges, as well as to the impacts of the various crises suffered, such as the historic floods of July 2021. In March 2022, the Walloon Government and the social and environmental partners identified 42 priority projects within the Recovery Plan, chosen for their potential in terms of quality job creation, added value and favourable impact on the environment and the climate. Among these 42 projects, two concern adaptation: calls for projects to develop green spaces and a large vulnerability study of the Walloon territory.
Federal:

Federal measure 18: Multidisciplinary and holistic risk assessments for the country

Federal measure 19: Analysis of climate change impacts on essential services for society (energy and transport)

Federal measure 20: Assessing the impact of climate change on energy security and energy infrastructures

Federal measure 21: Emergency planning based on identified risks due to climate change

Federal measure 22: Natural disasters - risk zones - criteria

Federal measure 23: Natural disasters - cooperation between the State, regions, insurers and reinsurers

Federal measure 24: Take into account the expected effects of climate change in the activities of Defense at the national level regarding crisis management in natural disasters

Federal measure 25: Long-term analysis of the need for additional capabilities to prepare for crisis management in natural disasters

Paragon program for crisis management improvement through digital integration (strategic plan federal public service internal affairs 2022-2024)

Wallonia:

Climate change impacts will be taken into account in the future River Basin Management Plans (PGRI) 2022-2027 in application of the Water Framework Directive and in the future flood risk management plans 2022-2027 in application of the Flood Directive.

Flanders:

In July 2020 the Flemish Minister of Environment launched the Blue Deal with the ambition to increase the efforts in the fight against drought and water scarcity. The Blue Deal focuses on 6 tracks:
1. Public authorities give the good example and provide an adequate regulation
2. Circular water use as a rule
3. Agriculture and nature as part of the solution
4. Sensibilisation of private individuals and stimulation to decrease solid surfaces
5. The increase of security of supply
6. Investing together in innovation to make our water system smarter, more robust and more sustainable

Climate change impacts are taken into account in the Flemish River Basin and Flood Risk Management Plans 2022-2027 in application of the Water Framework Directive and the Flood Directive. https://www.integraalwaterb[…]iedbeheerplannen-2022-2027.

The implementation of the Flemish Adaptation Plan is coordinated by the Flemish Task Force on Adaptation in which the different policy areas at the Flemish level are represented. Each policy area is responsable for the integration of climate adaptive measures into their plans and sectoral policies.

The Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan 2030 also includes measures related to disaster risk management strategies and action plans:
    - S4A8.5: Nature & forest: Robust natural cores with climate-proof management
    - S5A10.Health and disaster policy: climate reslient health care, Anticipating (new) climate-related vectors and diseases, prevention
        - S6A12: Emergency coordination

Brussels has differents measures wich contributes to integrate climate change into sectorial policies, plans and programs:
- the chapter dedicated to climate adaptation of the water management plan 2022-2027 pending for adoption;
- the measure to increasing climate change resilience of infrastructures that provides essential services to the Region, such as health infrastructure, public transportation infrastructure, transportation and energy distribution networks, etc. (new Air Climate Energy Plan pending for adoption);
- the increase of the integration of adaptation to the effects of climate change in land use plans, urban planning regulations and the construction sector (new Air Climate Energy Plan pending adoption);
- fire risk assessment of regional green spaces (new Air Climate Energy Plan pending adoption);
- implement a health crisis management plan that integrates health risks related to climate change (new Air Climate Energy Plan pending adoption);
- the consideration of climate change in the management plan of the Soignes forest, adopted by the Government in 2019;
Federal measure 1: Development of a climate counter for private and public companies by the Climate Knowledge Center

Federal measure 2: High-resolution climate scenarios for Belgium

Federal measure 28: Promotion of climate adaptation initiatives.

Brussel:
- Mapping of vulnerable institutions and populations at the municipal and neighborhood levels in order to develop appropriate adaptation actions (measure foreseen in the new Air Climate Energy Plan pending adoption);
- Strengthen the monitoring of areas and populations lacking in public accessible green spaces (measure foreseen in the new Air Climate Energy Plan pending adoption);

Flanders:

In the Flemish adaptation policy he integration of social aspects in all adaptation measures recieves special attention. The engagement of stakeholders particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts is a key element through the entire Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan.
Federal measure 1: Development of a climate counter for private and public companies by the Climate Knowledge Center

Federal measure 28; Promotion of climate adaptation initiatives.

Flanders:

The Flemish government is elaborating a "Green Deal Climate Resilient Spatial Planning" with the aim to incorporate a climate adaptation reflex in the planning, design and development of our spatial environment. This Green Deal is a cooperation between the Flemish Government, provinces and different sectoral organisations like the building sector, nature organisations, architects, study agencies.

Brussel is supporting the construction sector to design buildings and environment adapted to climate change.

Selection of actions and (programmes of) measures

Not reported
Measures concerning these elements are evaluated in the mid-term and final evaluations. Currently no monitoring systems are in place to evaluate these aspects seperately on the national or federal level.

Flanders:

Flanders Environment Agency (VMM) developed in 2018 the Climate Portal (https://www.vmm.be/klimaatportaal) showing the impacts under current and future climate for main effects in the region such as heatstress, droughts and groundwater level, floods and sea level rise. A variety of maps and indicators at the level of municipalities, neighbourhoods and catchments, allow for local consultation of detailed modelresults on climate vulnerabilty based upon downscaled IPCC climate-scenario’s.

The Climate Portal was extended in 2022 with a new PLANtool and a new PROJECTtool, allowing users to explore the adaptation options. For planning purpose, seven adaptation scenario’s provide local insight in risk-reduction and costs of adaptation measures. Users can easily select in and between these scenario’s for certain climate-effects, indicators, aggregated and point locations throughout the entire Flemish region.

When designing projects such as redevelopments of streets, squares, industrial plots, … it is now possible in the Climate Portal the optimise the climate-resilience of these projects, via a third interactive map-based tool in which users can add adaptation measures including their dimensions, finally resulting in an adaptation-score of the project.
The mid term evalutation of the implementation of both the national adaptation plan and the federal contribution to the national adaptation plan for the period 2016 - 2018 was published in 2019. In turn, the final evaluation for both plans were finalised at the end of 2020. indicators were defined at the beginning of the period covered by the documents. The same process will be follow for the new National Adaptation Plan which will by developped by the end of 2023.

Flanders:

The new Flemish Adaptation Plan also aspires to establish monitoring for climate resilience. An initial study on the elaboration of a climate adaptation monitoring system was conducted in 2019. The results from this research will be applied and refined to the concrete policy cross-domain adaptation measures from the Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan. https://omgeving.vlaanderen[…]itoringsysteemAdaptatie.pdf (report in Dutch). A new study has been started by the Departement of Environment and Spatial Development and the Flemish Environmental Agency based on the first one on the elaboration of a monitoring system to measure the impact of climate adaptation action at the Flemish and local level. A set of indicators will be selected to start a baseline measurement. Results of this study are expected after the summer of 2023.

Federal level:

The federal adaptation measures will be evaluated biannually by a third party resulting in reports on the midterm- and final evaluation (2024 and 2026).

Brussel Region: Its new Air Climate Energy Plan also aspires to establish monitoring for climate resilience. It plans, as a first step, to follow up the evolution of various characteristics of its territory that strengthen its capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.
National measures are under development in 2023.

On the federal level, each of the 28 measures spread over 8 domains still has to go through its own budgetary process.

Flanders: the investment plan of the climate adaptation plan was adopted in February 2023 providing 150 mio Euro for 2023-2024. The implementation of measures has been launched at the beginning of 2023 altough some of the measures are already pending.
National: Measure 11: in development

Federal:

Federal measure 18: Multidisciplinary and holistic risk assessments for the country

Federal measure 19: Analysis of climate change impacts on essential services for society (energy and transport)

Federal measure 20: Assessing the impact of climate change on energy security and energy infrastructures

Federal measure 21: Emergency planning based on identified risks due to climate change

Federal measure 22: Natural disasters - risk zones - criteria

Federal measure 23: Natural disasters - cooperation between the State, regions, insurers and reinsurers

Federal measure 24: Take into account the expected effects of climate change in the activities of Defense at the national level regarding crisis management in natural disasters

Federal measure 25: Long-term analysis of the need for additional capabilities to prepare for crisis management in natural disasters

Flanders: the investment plan of the climate adaptation plan was adopted in February 2023 providing 150 mio Euro for 2023-2024. The implementation of measures has been launched at the beginning of 2023 altough some of the measures are already pending.
Budget is made available per measure, not per sector on all governmental levels.

Flanders: every policy area is responsible for the implementation and financing of their adaptation measures. The investment plan of 150 mio Euro in 2023-2024 is provided for measures in the policy area of environment and spatial development (including watermanagement, nature and forestmanagement, spatial planning, rural development).
Start of the study on high resolution climate scenario's for belgium (CORDEX.be II) following on the previous scenario's (CORDEX.be) due to the publication of IPCC6

Implementation of adaptation to CC in various sectors. (risk disaster management, mobility (aviation, railtraffic,..) )

Flanders:

The first Flemish Adaptation Plan 2013-2020 has been executed. Progress will be measured in the future by the implementation of the new monitoring system (under construction). Progress will also be measured coupled to the climate portal and tools of the Flemish Environmental Agency.
In the different regions of Belgium several actions are being taken for awareness raising, support of local governments on climate change adaptation, incorporation of climate change and climate change adaptation in educational programs,...
Progress has been made but there is still a long way to go. Implementation of actions on the field, further sensibilisation and awareness raising are necessary.
There is already a lot of knowledge available and tools have been developed to share this knowledge amongst policy makers at different level but also executers in the field. There is still a lot of work to be done on sensibilisation and awareness raising and on supporting local and medium sized municipalities in their actions on climate change adaptation.

Flanders:

In the Flemish Adaptation plan some measures focus on detecting gaps and opportunities in legislation and instruments to facilitate the implementation of climate adaptive measures.
Study of the socio-economic impact of climate change (2020).

Development of the new high resolution climate scenario's (CORDEX.be II)

In Flanders a study has been finalised (2022): cost - benefit analysis of climate change adaptation.

Mapping of urban heat island in Brussels ( VITO, 2018. "Cartografie van de Koelte-eilanden in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ". http://document.environnement.brussels/opac_css/elecfile/Cartografie_Koelte_Eilanden_BHG; https://environnement.brussels/lenvironnement-etat-des-lieux/en-detail/climat/cartographie-des-ilots-de-fraicheur-bruxelles )

Study on the impact of nature-based solutions on the exposure of city residents to air pollution, noise or high temperatures: overview of the general knowledge and recommendations for the Brussels-Capital Region (VITO en Witteveen en bos, 2020, "Impact van ‘nature-based solutions’ op de blootstelling van stadsbewoners aan luchtvervuiling, lawaai of hoge temperaturen - Overzicht van de algemene kennis en aanbevelingen voor het Brussels hoofdstedelijk gewest"; https://document.environnement.brussels/opac_css/elecfile/NatureBasedSolutions)

In Flanders the Flemish Environmental Agency provides a regular update of the data (vulnerability and risk) available on the Climate Portal.
Evaluation of the current implementation of the various adaptation plans in combination with high resolution climate models for Belgium and different studies give a proper insight in the need for extra measures and reorientation of priorities. The final evaluation of the NAP creates a baseline reference for the development of a new NAP in 2023.

Mid-term and Final evaluations give perspective on the implementation of each measure. Those not implemented are checked for relevance and can be taken up in a new plan. The priorities of those initiated but not completed can be reoriented and/or updated according to new information and relevance (if needed).

The National adaptation strategy is planned to be evaluated and revised in 2023.

Good practices and lessons learnt

Not reported

Cooperation and experience

As adaptation has interfaces with various sectors and policy areas, a good integration between adaptation policy and other international frameworks is important.

The most important frameworks and conventions are the Natura2000 network, the Waterframework, Biodiversity Strategy, CAP, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, World Heritage Convention, the SDG' s, Global Goal on Adaptation under the Paris Agreement,...
In the context of development cooperation, the Belgian Development Cooperation Act includes the protection of the environment and natural resources, as well as the fight against climate change, as one of two important transversal priorities. In order to facilitate the integration of this priority, a university research platform developed an Environment Sustainability Toolkit. In addition, various initiatives for capacity building within Belgian development cooperation were organised. Belgium also supports international agricultural research, among other things by means of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

A coordination centre for the complex risk assessment on climate change (CCCRA-CC) is being developped. One of several tasks will be to map existing literature.

The Climate Knowledge Center will bring together and coordinate the climate research of the Federal Scientific Institutions (Royal Meteorological Institute, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa and Sciensano). In addition, the center aims to strengthen cooperation with other research centers and universities and to focus more on the needs of economic and political actors (adaptation measures, mitigation strategies, etc.).

Flanders:

Interreg 2Seas Project Prowater was finalised in 2022. The project focused on adaptation through better infiltatration and capture of water with partners in Flanders, the Netherlands and the UK. https://www.pro-water.eu/

Interreg 2Seas Project SARCC was finalised in 2022. SARCC stands for Sustainable and Resilient Coastal Cities with focus on nature based solutions for coastal protection against sea level rise. The project was executed with partners from Flanders, the Netherlands and UK.

Horizon project ClimateFIT has been approved in January 2023 and will start in automn 2023. This EU project aims to bring together the private and public sector to finance adaptation. This project involves multiple public authorities, technical partners and financing and investment entities from all over Europe. The Department of Environment and Spatial Development is one of the partners in the project as well as the University of Antwerp.

Life PACT-project: People Adapting Cities for Tomorrow, it is the ability of cities to improve and deploy nature based solutions. Project with the city and University of Leuven, as well as Madrid and Poland. https://www.leuven.be/en/life-project-pact

The Flemish Government and the Walloon Region signed the EU Mission on Climate Change Adaptation.
Belgian international cooperation focuses specifically on climate change adaptation in Least Developed Countries. In 2018 to make its environmental strategy more concrete the directorate general for development cooperation developed a Climate Vision to guide further climate action. Most of our partner countries are vulnerable not just because of their exposure to climate change, but also because of their limited adaptive capacity. Moreover it is still more difficult to attract private finance for adaptation activities. Efforts must of course continue to be made to involve the private sector more in the work to
increase the climate resilience of the communities in our partner countries.

The Belgian Development Cooperation works towards incorporating climate and environmental concerns and opportunities in the full project cycle of the programmes and projects it finances, and which are implemented by a wide range of partners. These efforts for mainstreaming climate action are complemented by specific interventions, which will be scaled up in respons to our commitment to the Paris Agreement, both through bilateral cooperation as well as through contributions to multilateral funds and institutions.

Belgium is a strong supporter of the Green Climate fund, doubling its commitments as of 2020, Least Developed Countries Fund (more than 100 million EUR contributed since 2009) and Adaptation Fund.

In addition, one of the federal measure focus specifically on increasing contribution to multilateral and bilateral climate finance focused on adaptation.

Flanders:

Flemish international climate financement: The Government of Flanders launched in 2021 the G-STIC Climate Action Programme to support developing countries in the fight against climate change. Through the Climate Action Programme, the Flemish Government provides financial support for climate (mitigation and adaptation) projects in developing countries. Through the 2022 call, €15,7 million in subsidies has been allocated to 19 projects providing climate-impact solutions in developing countries. In 2021 13 projects were approved with a total project budget of €4,793,547 (€3,213,225 subsidy). https://www.climate-action-programme.be/

Overview of institutional arrangements and governance at the sub-national level (where “sub-national” refers to local and regional)

The National Climate Commission (NCC) deals with domestic climate issues and the Coordination Committee for International Environmental Policy (CCIEP) treats the international environmental affairs. To prepare the work and decisions for the NCC and CCIEP there are WGs. The WG adaptation is the only WG working on adaptation both under NCC and CCIEP. The NCC is responsible for the development, adoption and implementation of the NAS and the NAP.

The Benelux WG on Adaptation is hosted by the Benelux secretariat and organises workshops with the aim of knowledge exchange on effects of CC, adaptation policies and actions.

Belgium participates in EU WG on Adaptation under DG Clima through the Belgian pilot on adaptation.
In Wallonia, a knowledge platform, the Walloon IPCC platform, exists with the aim to make the link between scientific and policy makers and to disseminate information on climate to a large public. https://plateforme-wallonne-giec.be.

Flanders supports local governments in their adaptation policies through the Climate Portal with the IMPACTtool, PLANtool and PROJECTtool.

In Brussels, specific regional support is offered to municipalities and others publics bodies within the framework of a call for projects that aims to support them in their climate planning process (mitigation and adaptation).
For the overview of the content of sub-national strategies, plans and efforts, we like to refer to the national adaptation platform of Belgium (Adapt2Climate.be).

A new National Adaptation Plan and Strategy are being developed.

However, note that the newly adpoted Flemish Climate Adaptation Plan has not been uploaded yet on the above mentioned website. It sets out a plan that should further prepare Flanders for the effects of climate change and this both in the short term, by 2030, and in the longer term, by 2050.
Federal level: Public consultations; for example in the context of the federal adaptation measures (June 27th - September 16th 2022),...

Active consultation of private actors and private adaptation strategies; for example with federation's representatives of key sectors affected by climate change.

Good practices of local authorities in Flanders and Wallonia regarding adaptation & stakeholder engagement:
- For Flanders: https://www.vvsg.be/klimaatproject
- For Wallonia: http://leswallonssadaptent.be/
Federal level: Public consultations; for example in the context of the federal adaptation measures (June 27th - September 16th 2022),...

Active consultation of private actors and private adaptation strategy; for example with federation's representatives of key sectors affected by climate change.
The federal measures (2016-2020) were implemented and evaluated (a midterm and final evaluation) over the course of its duration.

The implementation of the new federal adaptation measures - Towards a climate resilient society in 2050 - federal adaptation measures (2023-2026) was launched in March 2023. Among these measure, two have a specific focus on information sharing and stakeholder engagement.
On the Federal level, each implemented measure contains monitoring indicators which lay at the basis of the midterm- and final evaluation. The Flemish government has planned a new study on identifying a more efficient monitoring system based on indicators.
Belgium is part of the Benelux network with a primary focus on information/best practice sharing about adaptation. Within Belgium there's an active working group on adaptation consisting of one or multiple representatives of each region. There's active contact with OESO, EEA, EIB,.. on a frequent basis for inspiration.

National working group on adaptation

The working group on adaptation coordinates the adaptation policy in Belgium
Griet Verstraeten
Belgian pilot on climate change adaptation
[Disclaimer]
The source of information presented in these pages is the reporting of EU Member States under 'Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action' and the voluntary reporting of EEA Member Countries.'