Groundwater and dependent Ecosystems: NEw Scientific basIS on climate change and land-use impacts for the update of the EU Groundwater Directive (GENESIS)

Groundwater resources are under increasing pressure from land use and water consumption, as well as contamination by industry and agriculture. The result is a negative impact on drinking water and ecosystems. Furthermore, the additional effects of climate change are difficult to separate from those caused by land use. Therefore, new information was required to better protect groundwater and groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). The GENESIS project integrated pre-existing and new scientific knowledge into new methods and tools for the revision of the Ground Water Directive (GWD). This information was also to be used for the better management of groundwater resources. GENESIS conducted research in hydrology, water resources, hydrogeology, agronomy, soil science, modelling, sociology and legal aspects. Aquifers, groundwater systems and ecosystems were studied in different regions of Europe. These case studies covered different climatic regions and land-use pressures, as well as socioeconomic systems. Researchers used environmental tracer techniques and mathematical models to characterise the flow of groundwater systems. Other modelling frameworks were developed to better understand groundwater systems as a whole and the impacts of land use and projected climate change. Tools for sustainable, cost-efficient management were also developed, and stakeholder preferences, potential conflicts, and socially, economically and ecologically acceptable policy solutions were identified. Researchers also investigated biogeochemical processes and the leaching of pollutants from the topsoil into the groundwater table. Scientists performed a benchmark study of nitrate and pesticide leaching models, and reviewed methods for assessing and reducing groundwater pollution. In addition, they explored relevant indicators and management issues to determine the interaction between groundwater and GDEs. The results helped to explain how ecosystems are hydrologically connected to groundwater and how hydrology and ecology are related in these systems.