European Coastal Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation: A review of evidence - ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2010/7

The paper reviews evidence of the impacts of climate change on Europe’s coasts. It focuses on areas that are particularly vulnerable and identifies adaptation policies, measures and actions aimed at increasing their resilience. The review contributed to the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) coastal assessment (2012), aiming to support the European Commission’s (EC) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) strategy review. The paper addresses vulnerability and adaptation themes at the scales of whole Europe and single Marine Regions and sub-regions, as defined by the EU's Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Indeed specific chapters are dedicated to: Baltic Sea; Greater North Sea; Celtic Seas; Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast; Macaronesian biogeographic region; Western Mediterranean Sea; Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea and Central Mediterranean Sea; Aegean-Levantine Sea; Black Sea.