Social fairness in preparing for climate change: how just resilience can benefit communities across Europe

The EEA report “Social fairness in preparing for climate change: how just resilience can benefit communities across Europe” highlights a growing recognition across the EU and its Member States of justice as a fundamental principle in climate adaptation. However, its practical implementation remains limited. Without deliberate, inclusive action, adaptation measures risk unintentionally reinforcing existing social inequalities.

The report examines how principles of just resilience can be integrated into four critical systems: the built environment, agriculture and food, water, and transport. It identifies substantial gaps in the incorporation of justice within adaptation policies and practices at European, national, and subnational levels:

• While many adaptation plans identify those at risk, few assess who actually benefits from adaptation efforts.

• Only 4% of subnational adaptation plans actively involve vulnerable groups in the planning process.

• Just 3% include explicit justice-related objectives.

• There is a notable lack of consistent data, indicators, and funding mechanisms to support equitable adaptation across governance levels.

To address these challenges, the report provides clear, actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners at all levels:

• EU level: Define and monitor the concept of just resilience, provide dedicated funding, and integrate justice principles into the forthcoming 2026 European Climate Adaptation Plan.

• National level: Embed justice systematically in adaptation and related policies, ensure accessibility for vulnerable populations, and establish mechanisms to monitor social impacts.

• Local level: Involve marginalised communities early and meaningfully in adaptation planning, and design measures tailored to their specific vulnerabilities and needs.

The report also includes practical examples from across Europe and offers guidance to help ensure that no one is left behind. Making justice a cornerstone of climate adaptation is not only a moral imperative — it is essential for building a truly resilient and inclusive Europe.