Urban adaptation in Europe: how cities and towns respond to climate change

This report provides a solid, up to date evidence base on adaptation planning and actions in the local and urban context. It summarises the scientific evidence on climate- and weather-related hazards facing European cities and their impacts, and looks in detail at the adaptation actions planned and implemented, stakeholders involved and financial resources of local authorities, as well as the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of various adaptation measures. The report provides an updated picture of the multi-level governance of urban adaptation, particularly focusing on the role of the national level.